Eco+Nomics

NOT AT ALL!!!  There is conspicuous concern about the aftermath of the current fiscal impasse in the US. Debt ceiling has to be increased by the Congress by the end of October 17th, and there is a budget that needs to be passed by the house and whose delay resulted the government shut-down, with Obamacare being the bone of contention. (I must I have got it right...) Large market players and the IMF are warning of the consequences of any delay in the payout of federal government's liabilities. What is the probability of such a delay? The probability is minuscule! First of all, the US economy is the largest one and its political leaders will not sacrifice its prevailing status for any dispute. No matter how stubborn any of the two sides might be, nor the Tea Party, nor any Conservative, nor any Democratic will risk the magnitude of their nation whatsoever. Secondly, if the undoing of this Gordian knot exceeds the four-day deadline each side will subseq...

Many times, the private debates in which I have participated have been fueled by the debt and the banking crisis and the imminent recession. What went so uglily wrong? What should have been done? Is it too late? Can things take a turn for worse?  Firstly, it is essential to unfold the exact chain of events the way I apprehend it based on my knowledge of economic theory. Everything began in 2007-2008 when the financial sector of the US devastating losses following the collapse of both the sub prime lending and its securitization and gradually the rest of the world was infected. After Lehman Brothers everyone realized that there was nothing to end painlessly. In their effort to prevent a broader contamination, governments borrowed large sums in other to strengthen the balance sheet of the banking and financial sector and safeguard their economies. Put differently, tax payers are asked to pay for a risk they never undertake and for which they never compensated. Nations with we...

I would like to communicate my thoughts- fruits of my inexperienced existence and humble opinion- as far as "Eurozone cross-fire: the way out of economic recession - Assessment of a realist and a response to idealists and cynics"  by Jörg Asmussen. First of all, no one would be that naive as to accuse the board of the ECB of being the reason of today's debt-crisis. ECB is doing its best while complying with its mandate and a s a matter of fact it can indeed perform much better but it is not allowed to do so.  The fact that our central bank should have played a different, more active, role is a matter of political choice made by the European leaders and hence only the latter can be blamed for the current function of the ECB. So, critics targeting ECB, most probably do not target the governing body of the ECB but these who defined on what they should focus. Below, you may browse the nominal World GDP and beneath that a stacked line chart of the exports of Greece, Portu...

I would like to point out a few thoughts of mine with respect to a speech by Mario Draghi on April 15, 2013; " The role of monetary policy in addressing the crisis in the euro area ". Firstly, it is the controversial Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT). OMT was announced by Draghi on September 6, 2012 . When I first heard the news I couldn't believe my ears and I watched the whole press conference. After that I was kind of emotionally overheated believing that Mario Draghi crossed the Rubicon and Euro area would never be the same again! A few months later my expectations dashed. What happened is that I fooled my own self by playing down the condition of ESM involvement... So far the unlimited bond buying mechanism has never been activated; bank deposits haircut is on its way instead. ECB is not allowed to finance sovereign debt; it is a matter of credibility. Indeed... But the question that needs an answer is how credible our banking system and our hard currency is n...

After reading Paul Krugman's "Missing Deflation"  I started wondering why prices have not declined in view of the dull recovery at both sides of the Atlantic. After some thought I think I might have a few answers. First of all, the prices are sticky! There are contracts and imperfect competition. A firm might be bounded by a contract, the price is subject to that contract and thus cannot be adjusted. In case of imperfect competitions, firms of the same sector or from the same geographical region might have formed a trust- alternatively, some short of silent (or not) coordination scheme- and thus have agreed not to reduce their prices. These factors of rigidity are, more or less, influential mostly during short periods; a five-yeared period is not what you would call "short", but they conserve some explanatory value. Secondly, in a fundamental general equilibrium model, i.e. labor market, AS-AD and money market, an adverse shock in demand is dealt with a cont...

I have been trying to explain for a long time why stock prices in the US have been increasing regardless the troubling recovery of the economy. This morning, I was browsing the Bagliano & Bertola (2004) book (a rather comprehensive with a fascinating subject if you ask me) when I saw an equation regarding the capital gains the profits and the short term interest rate. Extending this equation can very well justify the blooming US stock exchange. Let me elaborate on that. In equilibrium state the sum of operational-profits-to-assets and the capital gains equal the short term interest rate rate of government debt securities. It makes sense: if bond rate is higher demand for these securities increases, so does their price and subsequently interest rate falls; if the returns of the government debt is lower than the sum of profits-to assets and capital gains, demand decreases, price falls and subsequently interest rate increases. The following illustrates what happens when the short t...

Since the very beginning of the debt crisis in Europe and the subsequent government spending cuts implemented, everyone- at least from my shallow academic entourage- was arguing, if not shouting, for the vicious circle of austerity. Shortly, beginning from a high debt-to-GDP ratio, public spending cuts affect more intensively the GDP than they do to the deficit and hence more cuts are required (the decrease of the denominator is larger that the one of the numerator) but at the same time GDP has already decreased more steeply. If you wish to argue for the opposite do not even dare; I am living in the center of this vicious circle. Currently, troika is coming back to Greece and from what I read they intend to respond to government revenues shortfall by more cuts... In other words, they remove another wooden block  from the disposable income and they place it on top.  That is exactly what happens in Greece over the last 3 years!  Eventually, we will run out of wooden bloc...

I honestly have to admit that I never was, and I hope I will never be, a supporter of the EMU dissolution, or of the exit of any member-state from the Euro. I have previously expressed myself as far as Cyexit is concerned and I am not intending to reconsider my views. When Krugman wrote that the only solution left for Cyprus given the current circumstances is quiting Euro  I started thinking about debt dynamics, currency in circulation, destabilization, spillovers, etc. A couple of hours later Krugman described Cyrpus being between Scylla and Charybdis  and as a matter of fact Cyprus is indeed between the two monsters of Greek Mythology.  The main argument is that by cutting a deal with troika austerity measures- the one and only panacea- will be implemented, Cypriot economy will dip into recession and thus debt will become explosive. Correct! Absolutely correct!  I believe that everyone who has at least some non-neoclassical logic left would agree. Below,...

It has not been a very long time (at all) since I begun my undergraduate studies in economics and from what I remember there were only a few (conventionally) risk free assets: cash, government bonds, deposits. At this moment we really need to focus on the Euro-zone. Government bonds, i.e. debt issued by government, although involving some risk this is low- currently a little higher; cash is the bills and coins in circulation and is totally riskless, unless in cases of over-inflation; and deposits which... used to be risk-free. That is because European Commission is thinking of de jure haircutting savings when the firm that accommodates them is at stake. If that is approved, Euro will never be much of a  hard currency  and hence there is no point at all calling upon low inflation exclusively.  In addition, we have to start thinking of our deposits as risky and, as a matter of fact, the probability that we lose a given fraction of our deposits equals the probability of b...

Over the past few days, the Cyexite scenario has been communicated several times, either via journalists or bloggers and some other times as a leverage for negotiations... I shall  examine some implications of this undesired though improbable- if you ask me- scenario First of all, Cypriot firms, both financial and non-financial, and households have issued debt denominated in Euro, such as loans, bonds, commercial credit, cheques etc. Then, in case Cypriot pound (CP) substitutes for euro a practical question arises: the just mentioned debt will be repaid in what currency? If some of you see an obvious answer, please take some time to reconsider your thoughts. First of all, the debt holder will have to agree to be paid back in an other that the agreed currency and then he will have to negotiate the exchange rate this will happen (for now let us ignore the exchange rate related problems). On the other hand, the debt issuers, will have to find adequate funds to pay back its borrower...

A while ago, I read an article of WSJ written by  Katie Martin  concerning the market tranquillity with respect to what happens in Cyprus; the probable bank deposits haircut and the non-attainment of any agreement among EMU member countries. Among the explanations of this calmness reported by apparently successful analysts I found one, that of Mr.  Beat Siegenthaler, a UBS analyst, who more or less states that the risk of diffusion of a crunch in Cyprus is perceived to be low. I really do not know if that is indeed a general sense- although several other rather interesting interpretations are listed- but that is not the case at all and claiming the opposite is naive especially in the aftermath of Lehman Brothers collapse. The risk of contagion following a crash in the Cypriot financial system is high and most certainly non negligible. I shall elaborate. After doing some trivial digging I found an article that matches my needs; Billio et al. (2012)[1], concerning the es...

After the ultimatum issued by the ECB  one might wonder about the independence of the ECB and its subsequent credibility. Is the orchestrator of the Eurosystem really independent, conditionally independent or totally dependent to the political agenda of any given moment? Its dependence or independence extends to which degree? First of all, the direct funding of public sector, i.e. public debt, is prohibited in the name of the credibility and independence of a central bank (here, the ECB). I must admit that I do not rigorously disagree with the necessity of independence, at least under certain circumstances. What about when a central bank is used as a leverage to political negotiation? What about when the central bank (any given one) turn a blind eye to imminent systemic risks of extended destabilization? What are the motives of this attitude? Why all of the ECB controversial measures have been proven to be cripple so far? When the monetary authority does not seem annoyed at al...

Earlier today I received a text from a friend of mine reporting that none of the commercial banks in Greece accept cheques issued by Cypriot credit institutions and I got really concerned for "the day after tomorrow"- it is either a signal that they fear the worst or perhaps just the fact they they cannot "liquefy" these cheques at the moment. Although I am really confident that depositors may not inundate the Cypriot banks to withdraw their funds, such a risk is still lurking...  While we are focusing on restoring (via government debt and haircuts) the regulatory capitals we seem to  ostentatiously exhibit our negligence for the bank-run risk; even of the slightest probability that that scenario might actually occur.  If someone had € 100,000 of deposits and suddenly the government decided to levy a 10% tax on their value how this depositor would react? First of all, he does not know whether this tax is collected once and for all or not and, even worse, his neig...

The term "economics" goes way back to the ancient Greek civilization; one may find this term in most, if not all, etymology dictionaries. Economics derives from oikos , i.e. the house, the household; and nemein, i.e to manage, to allot (alternatively from oikos and nomos , i.e  the law). Conclusions are up to you... I created this blog to communicate my thoughts on this magnificent and rather fascinating science- to whoever is interested- as well as on all of its aspects and implications. Ecoplusnomics was born by the seed of  my economic instincts and concerns and the ova of the post-2008 era. That is not to say that I shall stop posting as soon as the international economic scene returns to prosperity. Why in English? To be honest, I would rather write in Greek. However, language is both the root of a civilisation- and hence an inseparable part of the native speakers' culture- and an instrument of communication among native and non-native speakers; a common...